In Bulgaria and Serbia, the Orthodox faith served as a unifying force during times of Ottoman rule. The Bulgarian Orthodox Church’s autocephaly (ecclesiastical independence) in the 10th century and its revival in the 19th century were significant moments in Bulgarian history, marking the importance of Orthodoxy in the country’s struggle for cultural and national self-determination. Similarly, in Serbia, the Orthodox Church was instrumental in preserving national culture and fostering resistance against Ottoman domination. Greece, the cradle of the Orthodox Church, has been profoundly influenced by its Orthodox heritage. The Byzantine Empire, with its capital in Constantinople, was Greek Orthodox, and its legacy can be seen in the country’s rich Byzantine art and architectural heritage. Moreover, the Greek Orthodox Church played a pivotal role in the preservation and revival of Hellenic culture during the Ottoman era. In Russia, Belarus, and Ukraine, Orthodoxy has been a significant cultural and political force. The adoption of Orthodox Christianity by Prince Vladimir in the 10th century marked the beginning of a distinct ‘Russian Orthodox’ culture. This culture was characterized by its unique religious art, such as the iconic onion domes of Russian Orthodox churches and the intricate religious frescoes and mosaics. The Orthodox Church also played a vital role in the formation of the Russian state and identity, with the concept of ‘Moscow as the Third Rome’ signifying its spiritual authority.  Similarly, in Belarus and Ukraine, Orthodoxy has strongly influenced their cultures. The Orthodox monasteries, such as the Pechersk Lavra in Ukraine and the Monastery of the Holy Spirit in Belarus, stand as symbols of these nations’ cultural and spiritual heritage.  Despite the turmoil of the 20th century, with the rise of Communism and the repression of religious institutions, Orthodoxy continued to play a crucial role in these societies. The post-Communist era has seen a revival of the Orthodox Church’s role in public life, further testifying to its enduring influence. Orthodoxy’s impact on Eastern Europe is not confined to the spiritual realm. It has shaped societal values, promoting community cohesion, resilience, and a sense of shared identity. The Orthodox tradition of ‘sobornost’ (spiritual community of many jointly living people) has fostered a strong sense of communal identity and solidarity. This has been particularly evident in times of crisis and change, where the Church often served as a beacon of stability and continuity.The role of Orthodoxy in Eastern Europe is complex and multifaceted. It has left an indelible mark on the region, influencing its art, culture, societal values, and national identities. The Orthodox Church’s enduring presence and influence attest to its historical significance and its continuing relevance in the cultural and societal fabric of Eastern Europe. The Orthodox legacy in these countries is a testament to a rich and vibrant heritage, one that continues to shape these societies in profound and meaningful ways.

By Roxana Stanica