The cornerstone of the new proposal is the concept of gradual integration. Candidate states would initially be integrated into specific sectors of the EU economy and administrative frameworks, allowing them to align progressively with the Union’s acquis communautaire—the body of common rights and obligations that is binding on all EU members. This step-by-step approach would enable candidates to build capacity and implement necessary reforms without being overwhelmed by the full scope of EU requirements. One of the immediate benefits of this phased integration would be increased access to the EU’s single market, offering economic incentives for the candidate states. In addition, partial integration into various EU programmes and agencies would grant candidates a tangible sense of participation in EU affairs, fostering a stronger European identity among their citizens.

The innovation of reversible measures introduces a level of accountability into the accession process that has been previously absent. By making it clear that membership privileges can be withdrawn, the European Commission is emphasizing the importance of sustained commitment to EU standards, particularly in areas such as the rule of law, human rights, and anti-corruption efforts. This reversibility also addresses concerns within the EU regarding the admission of states that may not be fully prepared to meet the responsibilities of membership. It provides a safety net, ensuring that the integration of new members strengthens rather than dilutes the Union’s principles and functioning.

For nations like Ukraine, the Republic of Moldova, and the countries of the Western Balkans, the new model offers a clear and structured pathway to EU membership. It acknowledges the geopolitical realities and strategic importance of these countries, while also setting manageable expectations for their integration. The proposal is particularly significant for Ukraine, which has demonstrated a strong desire to join the EU, especially in the context of its ongoing conflict and aspirations for a European future. The phased approach could provide Ukraine with immediate benefits and strengthen its resilience against external pressures. Similarly, for the Republic of Moldova and the Western Balkans, gradual integration could serve as a stabilizing force, encouraging political and economic reform while offering the prospect of eventual full membership.

The Commission’s proposal, while innovative, is not without its challenges. Member states must unanimously agree to this new model, and some EU countries may be skeptical of the reversibility concept or wary of expansion in general. The EU’s own capacity to absorb new members is a consideration, particularly in light of the ongoing challenges it faces, such as economic recovery post-pandemic, the rule of law issues within some current member states, and external pressures from global geopolitical shifts. Nevertheless, the proposal presents a significant opportunity for both the EU and candidate countries. It allows the EU to export its values and standards incrementally, fostering stability and cooperation in neighboring regions. For candidate states, it provides a tangible roadmap for reform and integration, with the prospect of reversing measures acting as a safeguard rather than a deterrent, reinforcing the motivation to adhere to EU norms.

The proposal also opens the door for a more dynamic EU foreign policy, as the tools of gradual integration could be applied to other partnership frameworks, potentially redefining the EU’s role on the global stage. It acknowledges the geopolitical significance of enlargement, especially regarding the EU’s eastern neighbors, in a time when regional security has become an increasing concern.

By Roberto Casseli