In Tunisia, the Arab Spring started with a wave of protests triggered by the self-immolation of Mohamed Bouazizi, a street vendor, in December 2010. Protesters used social media to bypass government censorship, share videos of police brutality, and narrate their experiences. They also utilized platforms like Anonymous’ Operation Tunisia to launch distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks against government websites, disrupting their ability to control the attack. Similarly, in Egypt, Facebook pages like “We are all Khaled Said”—named in honor of an Egyptian man beaten to death by police—played a crucial role in mobilizing Egyptians. Cyber activists used the platform to share information about protests and expose police brutality. When the government shut down the internet, activists and technologists worldwide collaborated to provide Egyptians with alternative ways to access the internet and continue their digital mobilization. On the other side of the coin, several governments used cyber operations to maintain control. Egypt’s government, in a historically unprecedented move, shut down the internet for five days. Syrian authorities, reportedly with assistance from Iran, used malware to target and monitor activists. In Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates, governments reportedly used spyware from Western companies to surveys dissidents. The Arab Spring also saw the extensive use of digital platforms for disinformation and propaganda. State-controlled media outlets used these platforms to discredit protesters, sow discord, and control the narrative. Simultaneously, external actors also exploited the situation, using bot networks and fake news to influence the discourse and further their geopolitical interests. After the Arab Spring, the role of cyber operations in political discourse has only intensified. Governments have increased internet surveillance, expanded cyber warfare capabilities, and enacted laws to control digital spaces. Similarly, activists and civil society organizations continue to leverage digital tools to push for change, often facing significant risks. In conclusion, the Arab Spring of 2011 highlighted the transformative potential of digital technology and cyber operations in shaping political landscapes. It demonstrated how the internet could serve as a tool for both liberation and oppression.

By Roberto Casseli